Choreography-THE COROMANDAL FISHERS BY SAROJINI NAIDU

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Plurals and Nationalities

Why do we say Italians , but
we say Vietnamese, not
Vietnameses
The Russians are here.*
The Koreans are here.
The Americans are here
The Italians are here.
The New Zealanders are
here.
The Pakistanis are here.
The Chinese are here.*
The Japanese are here.
The British are here.
The Swiss are here.
The French are here.
The Portuguese are here.
It's mostly phonetic. That is,
it depends on the final sound
of the word.
Words ending in
-an, -ian, -er, -i
require an "s" in the plural
Words ending in
-ese, -ish, -iss, -ch
do not change
Languages (no article)
Russian is easy.
Korean is easy.
Italian is easy.
Chinese is easy.
Japanese is easy.
French is easy.
Generalizations**
Russians are friendly
Koreans are friendly.
New Zealanders are friendly.
The Chinese are friendly.
Chinese people are friendly.
The Japanese are friendly.
Japanese people are friendly.
The French are friendly.
Frenchmen are friendly.
*If you are talking about a
specific group (of Russians,
etc.) , the article the must be
used.
Most of the Italians (in this
class) are female.
Most of the Japanese (in the
restaurant) are from Kyoto.
**If you are talking generally,
no article or preposition is
needed.
With s : Most Americans
speak English. Not: Most of
Americans
No s: Most Vietnamese live in
Asia. Not: Most of
Vietnamese

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REPORTED SPEECH(WHERE TO CHANGE TENSE OF THE VERB)

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FUTURE PERFECT:

Future Perfect
Future Perfect has twod
different forms: "will have
done" and "be going to have
done. " Unlike Simple Future
forms, Future Perfect forms
are usually interchangeable.
FORM Future Perfect with
"Will "
[will have + past participle]
Examples:
You will have perfected
your English by the time
you come back from the
U.S .
Will you have perfected
your English by the time
you come back from the
U.S .?
You will not have
perfected your English by
the time you come back
from the U.S.
FORM Future Perfect with
"Be Going To"
[am /is /are + going to have +
past participle]
Examples:
You are going to have
perfected your English by
the time you come back
from the U.S.
Are you going to have
perfected your English by
the time you come back
from the U.S.?
You are not going to
have perfected your
English by the time you
come back from the U.S .
NOTE: It is possible to use
either "will" or "be going to"
to create the Future Perfect
with little or no difference in
meaning.
Complete List of Future
Perfect Forms
USE 1 Completed Action
Before Something in the
Future
The Future Perfect expresses
the idea that something will
occur before another action in
the future. It can also show
that something will happen
before a specific time in the
future.
Examples:
By next November , I will
have received my
promotion.
By the time he gets home,
she is going to have
cleaned the entire house .
I am not going to have
finished this test by 3
o' clock.
Will she have learned
enough Chinese to
communicate before she
moves to Beijing?
Sam is probably going to
have completed the
proposal by the time he
leaves this afternoon.
By the time I finish this
course, I will have taken
ten tests.
How many countries are
you going to have visited
by the time you turn 50?
Notice in the examples above
that the reference points
( marked in italics) are in
Simple Present rather than
Simple Future . This is because
the interruptions are in time
clauses , and you cannot use
future tenses in time clauses.
USE 2 Duration Before
Something in the Future
(Non -Continuous Verbs)
With Non-Continuous Verbs
and some non-continuous
uses of Mixed Verbs, we use
the Future Perfect to show
that something will continue
up until another action in the
future.
Examples:
I will have been in
London for six months by
the time I leave.
By Monday, Susan is
going to have had my
book for a week.
Although the above use of
Future Perfect is normally
limited to Non-Continuous
Verbs and non-continuous
uses of Mixed Verbs, the
words "live," "work," "teach,"
and "study" are sometimes
used in this way even though
they are NOT Non-Continuous
Verbs.
REMEMBER No Future in
Time Clauses
Like all future forms, the
Future Perfect cannot be used
in clauses beginning with time
expressions such as: when,
while, before, after, by the
time, as soon as, if, unless,
etc. Instead of Future Perfect,
Present Perfect is used.
Examples:
I am going to see a movie
when I will have finished
my homework. Not
Correct
I am going to see a movie
when I have finished my
homework. Correct
ADVERB PLACEMENT
The examples below show
the placement for grammar
adverbs such as: always, only,
never, ever, still, just, etc.
Examples:
You will only have learned
a few words.
Will you only have learned
a few words?
You are only going to have
learned a few words.
Are you only going to have
learned a few words?
ACTIVE / PASSIVE
Examples:
They will have completed
the project before the
deadline. Active
The project will have
been completed before
the deadline. Passive
They are going to have
completed the project
before the deadline.
Active
The project is going to
have been completed
before the deadline.
Passive
More About Active / Passive
Forms
EXERCISES AND RELATED
TOPICS
Verb Tense Exercise 25
Future Perfect and Future
Perfect Continuous
Verb Tense Exercise 26
Fut

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The Interrupter

The Interrupter
Recognize an interrupter
when you see one.
An interrupter is a word,
phrase, or clause that
significantly breaks the
flow of a sentence .
Read the examples that
follow:
Please take those
smelly socks to
the garage, Kris,
and put them in
the washing
machine.
My essay, to be
perfectly honest,
flew out of the
bus window while
I was riding to
school.
What you just ate,
if you must
know, was squid
eyeball stew.
Punctuate an interrupter
correctly.
Generally, you separate
an interrupter from the
rest of the sentence
with commas— one in
front of the interrupter
and one behind. The
pattern looks like this:
the first part of
the sentence + ,
+ interrupter + ,
+ the rest of the
sentence .
Check out these
examples:
Jerome's calculus
teacher is usually
a real slave driver.
Tonight ,
surprisingly,
Jerome has only
fifty problems to
solve as
homework.
My cat Fuzz loves
to curl up on my
lap and sleep.
Buster, on the
other hand,
prefers to use my
thigh as a
scratching post.
The bathroom
tiles , whenever
time permits,
require a good
scrubbing, for the
grout is black with
mold.
If you want to
emphasize the break
more strongly , use
dashes to separate the
interrupter from the
rest of the sentence.
The pattern looks like
this:
the first part of
the sentence +
— + interrupter
+ — + the rest of
the sentence .
These sentences
illustrate the pattern:
That chocolate-
broccoli muffin—
though a good
source of
vitamin C— will
upset Frank's
stomach this early
in the morning.
My brother's
seven-foot python
—aptly named
Squeeze—
slithered out the
open back door
and frightened
Mrs. Russell, our
next-door
neighbor, nearly
to death.
That nuclear
orange jacket —
believe me—
fails to
complement your
lime green pants.

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